I.In the ongoing conversation about the future of literature, novelty is a rare thing. For at least forty years, American novelists and critics have been worrying about the fate of the novel - and of reading itself - and though the finer points of the argument have changed, the basic contours have stayed remarkably constant. Electronic mass media poses a threat - or at least a serious challenge - to literature; the novel functions as a kind of coal miner's canary, a bellwether for the health of the culture at large.I'm sympathetic to the need to assert some kind of narrative control over the technological revolution, but I had assumed the stance of a weary spectator at the "death of the novel" when, in the fall of 2007, a diagnostic shift piqued my interest. Suddenly, it seemed, it was the short story that was ailing. Witness
Stephen King's introduction to the
Best American Short Stories anthology:[American short fiction,] if not quite dead on the page... [has become] airless, somehow, and self-referring... show-offy rather than entertaining, self-important rather than interesting, guarded and self-conscious rather than gloriously open."Or witness the introduction to the second issue of the literary quarterly
Canteen, which took issue with King's assessment. Or witness another excellent lit-mag,
One Story, whose "Save the Short Story" direct mailings reached me alongside pleas from Planned Parenthood to save reproductive rights and from the ACLU to save civil liberties.
II.Though the hue and cry seems abrupt, the conditions for the short story's endangerment have been developing for a quarter century. Once-reliable "general interest" venues like
Collier's and
The Saturday Evening Post have disappeared from newsstands.
The New Yorker long ago ended its practice of running several stories per issue.
Esquire has drifted away from the stringent editorial commitments of
Gordon Lish.
Harper's confines itself, more or less, to a stable of old hands.
The Atlantic recently cut its monthly fiction offerings altogether, in favor of a single annual "fiction issue" (part of a series of missteps that included putting
Christopher Hitchens on the masthead and spending 30 back-of-the-book editorial pages helping people with too much money figure out how to spend it.) In 2007, fewer than 100 short-stories were published in the traditional general-interest outlets.At the level of the little magazine, the current trend seems to be toward ever-more print outlets with ever-smaller circulations... good for building the C.V.s of aspiring writer-academics, but bad for generating consensus around work of surpassing distinction. And the economics of running a print magazine outside the institutional shelter of the academy are inhospitable to longevity, as we can see from the recent folding of the print editions of
Grand Street,
Pindeldyboz,
Ballyhoo, and numerous others. Websites such as
failbetter.com have begun to fill the gaps, but it will be some time before online publication supplants print as a commonly accepted arbiter of the good and the beautiful.Not surprisingly, things get even grimmer when we turn to the publishing houses. I won't claim that my own inability to sell a collection of short stories is attributable to anything other than their own shortcomings, but I will note how many complimentary rejection notices from publishers tend to end with phrases like "...but you know how hard it is to market book of short stories" or "of course, a novel would be more marketable." It is nearly impossible to imagine a word-drunk ephebe moving to New York to become a short-story writer, as so many
New Yorker contributors did at mid-century. Given the prospects for remuneration, you'd be better served to move to wherever the cost of living was cheapest - North Dakota or Guatemala.Interestingly, however, the transformation of the literary marketplace has not dampened the supply of short stories. If anything, the opposite. In the aisles of the Association of Writers and Writing Programs (AWP) Book Fair last weekend, I passed literally thousands of aspiring novelists looking to publish their short stories. It became obvious that my preliminary sketch of distribution mechanisms for the short story had failed to account for a technology even more important than the Internet: the photocopier.The photocopier is the single indispensable technology for the rise of the graduate creative writing program - there are now more than 350 - and the graduate creative writing program is without question the single biggest contributor to the boom in short story production. The pedagogical staple of M.F.A. programs is still the workshop, and the workshop requires complete, coherent, and (above all) short bits of fiction that can be photocopied and distributed to eight or 10 classmates. Chapters of novels, shorn of context, are difficult to work with. Stories on the short side - 3,000 to 5,000 words - are best, if one wants to avoid pissing off one's peers. The ideal workshop story can be digested in a week, returned to the writer with comments, and improved. How? Through the application of a certain set of principles of what the short story should be. We call these principles, collectively, "craft." In the fiction workshop, "craft" is king, simply because it's teachable. Thus writing teachers, themselves former M.F.A. students, tend to talk about
Chekhov and
Flannery O'Connor as if it were their formal balance, rather than their deep strangeness, that brings their stories to life.Think about the numbers: 350 fiction programs. 3,000 new graduates per year. Each taking let's say four workshops, each of which requires three submissions. That's 36,000 short stories for each graduating class of writers, who have worked to convince each other that the top 1% of short stories - those that come closest to generating workshop consensus - may be published in a literary magazine. A literary magazine whose readership may largely comprise writers looking for a place to publish their short stories. "Guarded self-consciousness" starts to look like a mathematical inevitability. Perversely, then, the greatest danger to the short story may be the very institution that's sustaining it.
III.Yet, even if the foregoing manages to capture something true, I've neglected all the factors that guarantee that the short story will survive in the 21st century... and even thrive. First, there is the durable insanity of writers, which a proper education channels, rather than cures. To be sure, some workshop students are angling for literary celebrity, and others rightly see graduate school as a comfortable alternative to a desk job. But my own experience suggests that a significant fraction of M.F.A. candidates write short stories because, like Chekhov and O'Connor, they are helpless not to. These are the writers I want to read.Second, there is the competitive pressure on editors to create venues for the short story that stand out in a crowded marketplace. In addition to the upstart publications mentioned above, recent years have seen the advent of such forums as
McSweeney's, Zoetrope: All Story, The Oxford American, 9th Letter, A Public Space, Black Clock, and NOON... This is not to mention the continued excellence of
Conjunctions,
Witness,
Callaloo,
ZYZZYVA, and
The Paris Review, to name a few.Finally, the very shortness of the short story ensures its necessity in our new century. Like the sonnet, it is both a form and a discipline, but the short story also offers its acolytes remarkable freedom. Because the reader absorbs it in a single sitting, it has the capacity, like
Seamus Heaney's swans, to "catch the heart off guard and blow it open." And for the writer, there is the possibility that anything may happen on the page, in a way that there isn't, quite, in a novel. I think of my favorite living practitioners of the short story -
David Means,
Edward P. Jones,
Diane Williams, and
Deborah Eisenberg (about whom I'll be writing later this week) - and I remember a series of surprises, like colored scarves drawn from the sleeves of magicians. That is, I see cause for celebration.Perhaps "saving" the short story simply means to read it, devotedly, and to write it, when called, and otherwise to let the market sort itself out. We could do worse than to follow the example of
Henry James - no short-story slouch himself - who wrote, "We work in the dark - we do what we can - we give what we have. Our doubt is our passion and our passion is our task. The rest is the madness of art."
It’s important to note, as Mason does, that these are minor quibbles, mere footnotes to Max’s achievement. (In my case, think of The Simpsons’ Comic Book Guy pontificating from the front row.) But they also betoken the immense, almost maternal protectiveness some readers feel toward Wallace’s reputation. We feel about Infinite Jest as William H. Gass does about Finnegans Wake: “Not to have been… influenced by it as a writer is not to have lived in your time.” Our underlying anxiety is that the Kakutanis of the world will deprive our grandchildren of the beautiful thing we ourselves have been blessed to witness. And so, with an eye toward posterity – toward those who have not yet experienced Wallace’s writing first-hand – I humbly submit three additional footnotes to “The Unfinished.”
I don't want to sound too over-the-top or sentimental, but if there is a secret to getting through life, I believe Infinite Jest contains it.
Re – the "You got me, Andrew" link –
Now if only I could harness this peculiar power I seem to have and solve the world's economic crisis while I sleep.
Another thing, there's not a single mention of Wallace's collaborative work with Mark Costello, Signifying Rappers.
Very cogent remarks in point 2 and 3, Garth. Point one–well, it's a minefield. I find myself, due to my affection toward his work and toward my imagined DFW-the-person, rather frightened to approach any ultimate conclusion there.
My biggest issue with pieces like this is that they reflect a "New Yorker" view that there is no such thing as literature outside of America. The only other writers name-checked in the piece itself are American novelists like Franzen, DeLillo, Pynchon, and Roth. The idea that equally mindblowing and experimental and boundary-pushing fiction is being written in our countries — not to mention other languages than English — doesn't seem to have crossed the writer's mind, nor the editor's when we realize that only an American writer like DFW would ever rate a 12,000-word article, other equally deserving candidates such as Javier Marias, Peter Nadas, Laszlo Krasznahorkai, David Grossman, Fernando del Paso, Marcelo Cohen, Alberto Laiseca, et al receiving nary a mention (I think Marias did receive a short career overview review once in the back of the mag, but that's it). The only word for such an ignorant, incurious, and nationally constrained conception of literature is provincial.
I'm not sure I'd agree with your proposition about "The New Yorker" view, Anon. If you look back over our New Yorker fiction posts, you'll find that about a quarter of the fiction is "international" – translated, or by writers like Dandicat, Adichie, and Mueenuddin, who write in English but are strongly identified with other countries. The New Yorker has been a great friend to Bolano, Murakami, Pamuk, Grass, not to mention Borges, Hannah Arendt, &c. &c. And Updike, in particular, was heroic in looking all over the globe for the best of world literature and bringing it to light in long reviews. I've been looking back over Updike's five or six thick collections of criticism, and I can't urge them on you strongly enough, as an antidote to what you call "provincialism."
There may be some truth to the idea that the long, middle-of-the-book critical-essay-cum-profile (not that common a beast in The New Yorker) often tends to focus on English-language writers (most recently McEwan and DFW), and I'd love to read a profile of Peter Nadas, in particular, but it may be hard to find a reporter who writes a great profile and is also fluent in Hungarian?
I welcome your reaction to these points; I would assert, however, based on the above, that The New Yorker, like few other American publications is a model of cosmopolitanism. The idea of a "New Yorker style" is more useful as a kind of heuristic tool (there is, I think, a kind of aggregate New Yorker style, if you average everything out – as there will always be an average in any group of things) than as an indicator of the breadth of what gets published in the magazine.
It may be hard to find a reporter who writes a great profile and is also fluent in Hungarian? I seriously doubt it. And if we're talking a language like German or Spanish- we'll, we know that answer to that question: of COURSE there are people.
But writers like Danticat, Adichie, and Mueenuddin are mediocrities in the larger scheme of things. That supports my larger point. More often than not, the "international" writers featured in the New Yorker — who are a distinct minority, as you note — are (1) writing in English, (2) living in America, (3) supplying "culture porn" for the New York social set, and (4) just not that great. That these writers get play over people like Krasznahorkai and Nadas is a joke from a literary standpoint.
I love Pamuk, Murakami, Grass, and Bolano, too. But again- this supports my point. To the extent that The New Yorker features fiction written in other languages, by foreign authors, they only do so by authors who are already pretty main-stream and famous. When Roberto Bolano was alive and being lionized in the Spanish-speaking world as the writer of his generation, his name never even appeared in The New Yorker. When his work was finally snatched up by NY publishing houses who decided to give it a big marketing push, then they "discovered" him. Pamuk only started getting book reviews (first one in 2001, second in 2004) when his name moved into Nobel shortlist publishing world buzz. When he was becoming the most critically celebrated author in a country of 70 million, a position he had cemented by 1990 with The Black Book (the book which Horace Engdahl said the Nobel committee considered his greatest, by the way), his name never appeared. Murakami is an outlier, and we can all be grateful for The New Yorker's support for him over the years. The point remains: In its fiction coverage, The New Yorker is not a leader, but a follower. They're incurious. If the work is already done for them — if you've been discovered by the Nobel, or by glitzy New York publishers who want to give your work a big push — then maybe you can get a mention. Otherwise, fuck you. That's the kind of incurious attitude I call provincial.
I feel lucky to be a reader in today's world. There are so many great, innovative writers plying their craft all around the world, and globalization has made it probably easier for me to enjoy and learn from many of them than ever before. But The New Yorker doesn't give you this impression of a vibrant literary world where experimentation and breakthroughs are happening all over. They're not reporting from the front lines in this case, as often are from the front lines of other issues. Go back to The Unfinished. In the article, we're given the impression that in the decade previous to DFW's debut at the end of the 80s, literature was dominated by Ellis and McInerney. I actually really like BEE, but that's just fucking stupid. In that decade we got A Book of Memories, Repetition, The White Castle, The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis, Waiting for the Barbarians — and you're trying to tell me that DFW was a breath of fresh air for an artistic medium whose foremost practitioners when he entered the stage were Ellis and McInerney?? Thats just stupid — and, again, provincial.
Anon: For the most part, we'll have to agree to disagree, I think, though I'd note that your definition of "provincial" appears to have shifted a bit between your two posts. There may, indeed, be some publishing industry juice gumming up the works at The New Yorker, but you also have to consider that the publishing industry is how books get 1) translated, and 2) brought to the attention of reviewers. I really do urge you to look back through the tables of contents of those Updike compendiums and to see how many pearls he was diving for. That said, The New Yorker is so influential in these matters that it becomes hard to isolate when it is catching on to a trend and when it is inaugurating one. In either case, bringing The Savage Detectives to the attention of readers – on the eve of its publication – is good editing, not trend-surfing. Finally: to my way of thinking, a good profile is as hard to write as a good novel; it's hard enough to find a writer who is fluent in English and writes a great profile.
So you wouldn't be interested in what George Szirtes, for instance, would write about Nadas? You don't think he could write something up to New Yorker standards?
How has my definition of provincial shifted?? Provincial is incurious, unsophisticated, and local/restricted in outlook and interests.
I have appreciated the variety of books reviewed by Updike. But a short book review in the back of the magazine being pretty much the best a foreign writer can hope for under the best of circumstances vs. a 12,000-word issue centerpiece for an American writer is quite a contrast. We're supposed to believe that's reflective of the real artistic state of affairs?! Or I guess we're supposed to settle for that as good enough…Maybe an advertising exec at the magazine can say that's good enough; if we care about literature I think we have to say No, that's not good enough.
I won't reiterate my other points since you didn't respond to them.
"I would suggest that the magazine should be seen as a symptom, and not the disease."
This is an apt conclusion. Let's remember that as recently as, what, fifteen years ago, the NYer was publishing two stories per issue. And that entire novellas regularly appeared under Shawn. The magazine's focus on literature both domestic and foreign has waned along with the culture's. That short stories even appear in a magazine with a 1 million plus circulation is borderline preposterous, but preposterous in a good way.
That said, it's rare that the fiction they do publish is cause for excitement.
I appreciate your lengthy response, and would just say two things as a final response of my own.
First, I don't think that my argument is as circular as you make it out to be. To me, including some writing about foreign places (provided that it's almost always been orginally written in English, of course) and including some short reviews of foreign-language novels that've been translated into English (provided, of course, that the authors are already relatively famous and thus constitute "safe" choices for inclusion in the magazine — and with the understanding that the 12,000-word length profile which can really delve into a writer's body of work in a sustained way, as well provide "reporting" on that writer, in the form of interview and whatnot, that one might not be able to find out already through Google) does not absolve The New Yorker from its "provincial" status. One way of looking at this is to ask whether The New Yorker is "a symptom" or "the disease." I think that's a false distinction. Clearly The New Yorker is both a reflection of existing cultural and economic states of affairs AND a cause of them — and I don't think the first reality should preclude us from critiquing the magazine for the second one.
Which brings me to my second point. If the first point was that, while you think the situation isn't quite as bad as I think it is, and I'm responding to say, "Yes, it is THAT BAD," the second point would be based on your saying, if I understand you correctly, that to the extent the situation isn't ideal, this is so because of mainly economic imperatives. On this count, I disagree with your stance for two reasons. First, if we want to think from the perspective of economic cost-benefit analysis for the magazine, I think the NYer could absolutely maintain its current readership while improving its literary coverage to remedy the defects I've pointed to. Maybe I'm overestimating the openness of the audience, but I think you can write include foreign-language writing in translation that would be just as compelling to the audience as the English-language writing now on offer, and that you could write about foreign-language writers in such a way that those profiles would be just as interesting as, say, Ian McEwan or Alber Elbaz or African merchants in China or John Yoo or whatever else the NYer covers. Second, I think that even if this weren't the case, it's for the magazine to make that argument, and for us, as members of the audience to which the magazine is trying to cater, to articulate our own preferences in a clear way — and, who knows, maybe change the editorial team's stance if we all do so loudly and clearly enough?
Thank you for the dialogue on a subject that's important to both of us.
Garth, I'm hoping you aren't completely exhausted on the topic of DFW and "The Unfinished." I'd really like your thoughts on something that no one has really written about, which really disturbed me.
My beef is with the last paragraph. Max does a tremendous job drawing us in to the life of DFW — his struggles as both a man and an artist (separately and together), his fundamental vision for understanding what it means to be "a fucking human being." But then, in that last paragraph, he goes abruptly from Karen Green finding Wallace hanging, to "pages bathed in light."
That phrase, and the conclusions Max draws from that disgustingly indulgent/presumptious image, struck me as utterly IN-humane. The schmaltzy deification of those PAGES — the sharp turn after 12,000 words of understanding better the MAN — horrified me. Consuming those "pages bathed in light" in that literary star-f*&^er way, is NOT, I believe, what it means to be a fucking human being.
Looking back, I'm not sure I see the "deification" you're talking about. Instead, Max's description of the manuscript ("Below it, around it, inside his two computers, on old floppy disks in his drawers were hundreds of other pages—drafts, character sketches, notes to himself, fragments that had evaded his attempt to integrate them into the novel") looks to me more anthropomorphic. That is, I see him comparing the untidy, provisional nature of the manuscript not to the godhead, but to the experience of being "a fucking human being" – at least as Wallace seemed to understand it.
Did you feel, reading the article (or, say, "Good Old Neon") the tremendous amount of pressure this writer felt was involved in the daily assembling of a "self" from the uncontrollable contradictions, paradoxes, tensions of being in the world? And the way, in "The Unfinished," it resembled the reporter's struggle to present a unified portrait of his subject?
I did, but it seems we interpreted the article differently. At any rate, it wasn't "bathed in light" but "fragments that had evaded his attempt to integrate them" that stayed with me; and I didn't find that star-f*&^er-y at all.
"Pages bathed in light" felt to me contrary to the untidy-ness which made up/makes up human and creative experience as Wallace and we knew/know it. The writer's "assemblage" was admirable and moving overall, no easy feat of reporting or writing; but he came in, I feel, with a heavy hand in the last paragraph to "stage" Wallace's end — in a way that read especially cheap given the admirable, moving, struggled-for arc of the article up to that point.
I don't know the writer and wouldn't want to presume motive — but if human-ness is our subject, perhaps the writer himself became so invested in the story (and the man) that the staging originated from his own need to make meaning. Which seems perfectly human to me, and yet (going with your idea of untidyness, fragments, and evaded attempts) ultimately revealed a glaring fault line in that struggle. A beautifully human contradiction, or an ugly failure? Maybe this is where we agree to disagree.
Thanks for your response, and my apologies for the 3 (untidy) "really"s in my first post.