Are Picture Books Leading Our Children Astray?

The Bad Boy's Anger One opens The Atlantic Monthly and is promptly introduced to a burst of joyless contrarianism. Tiring of it, one skims ahead to the book reviews, only to realize: this is the book review. A common experience for even the occasional reader of B.R. Myers, it never fails to make the heart sink. The problem is not only one of craft and execution. Myers writes as if the purpose of criticism were to obliterate its object. He scores his little points, but so what? Do reviewers really believe that isolating a few unlovely lines in a five hundred page novel, ignoring the context for that unloveliness, and then pooh-poohing what remains constitutes a reading? Is this what passes for judgment these days? If so, Myers would have a lot to answer for. But in the real world, instances don't yield general truths with anything like the haste of a typical Myers paragraph (of which the foregoing is a parody). And so, even as he grasps for lofty universalism, Brian Reynolds Myers remains sui generis, the bad boy of reviewers, lit-crit's  Dennis Rodman. Myers came to prominence, or what passes for it in the media microcosmos, via "A Reader's Manifesto," a long jeremiad against "the modern 'literary' best seller" and "the growing pretentiousness of American literary prose." It earned notice primarily for its attack on the work and reputation of novelists lauded for their style - Cormac McCarthy, Don DeLillo, and E. Annie Proulx, among others. Many of these writers were ripe for reevaluation, and "A Reader's Manifesto" was read widely enough to land Myers a contributing editor gig at The Atlantic. It was subsequently published as a stand-alone book. Yet the essay was itself little more than an exercise in style, and not a very persuasive one at that. It was hard to say which was more irritating: Myers' scorched-earth certainties; his method, a kind of myopic travesty of New Criticism; or his own prose, a donnish pastiche of high-minded affectation and dreary cliché. I can't be the only reader who wanted to cry out against the manifesto being promulgated on my behalf, but Myers had insulated himself in several ways. First, he had been so thoroughgoingly tendentious, and at such length, that to rebut his 13,000 words required 13,000 of one's own. Second: his jadedness was infectious. It made one weary of reading, weary of writing, weary of life. Finally, in the The Atlantic's letters section, he showed himself to be no less willing to resort to pugnacious misreadings of his correspondents than he had been of his original subjects. "I have no idea why Jed Cohen thinks I have disparaged a hundred years of literature..." he wrote, in an exchange about his Tree of Smoke review. "Saying that reputations must never be reviewed would place reviewers above criticism." No, one wanted to object. Saying that reviewers must never be reviewed would place reviewers above criticism. Mr. Cohen is himself criticizing a reviewer. But to argue with Myers was, manifestly, to summon his contempt. And so he whirled mirthlessly on, flourishing the word "prose" like a magic wand, working pale variations on his Reader's Manifesto. In your face, Toni Morrison! To date, I have yet to read a comprehensive debunking of the Myers bunkum. But his recent review of Jonathan Franzen's Freedom really does seem to invite one - not so much because I liked the book and he didn't, or because it caught the eye of David Brooks and from there spread to the far corners of the Internet, but because of the willfulness of his misrepresentations to the reader, and the radical degree of projection involved. To the long-time Myers watcher, the review, titled, "Smaller Than Life" looks to be a giant mirror: what Myers takes to be the philistinism of contemporary literature is an enormous reflection of his own. Close Reading Myers premises his complaints against Freedom on the "smallness" of its characters - their likeness to "the folks next door." In support of these descriptions, he tenders a few details from the text: Patty Berglund bakes cookies and is "relatively dumber" than her siblings. Her husband Walter has a red face and his "most salient quality . . . [is] his niceness." Richard Katz is a womanizing punk musician. See? Tiny. Insignificant. "Nonentities." But even at this early stage of the argument, what should be obvious to even unsympathetic readers of the book is the smallness of Myers' imagination. Set Richard Katz aside for the moment (maybe Myers lives next door to some priapic indie rockers). Isn't "relatively dumber" - an elaboration of the idea that Patty's siblings "were more like what her parents had been hoping for" - meant to tell us more about Patty's self-image than about her IQ? Patty will return to the theme in her whip-smart autobiography, after all. And mightn't some readers find this will-to-averageness "interesting," psychologically speaking? Also: Isn't Walter's most "salient" quality (carefully elided in Myers' quotation) actually "his love of Patty?" And "salient" for whom? Not for the author, but for the subtly anti-Berglund neighbors on Ramsey Hill, whose point-of-view mediates the novel's opening section, "Good Neighbors." Either unwittingly or purposefully, Myers has made a cardinal error. He has mistaken the characters' angle of vision for the novelist's. As if to compensate for the oversight, he hastily concedes that the "insignificance" of its principals (again, insignificance to whom?) need not doom a novel itself to insignificance: "A good storyteller can interest us in just about anybody, as Madame Bovary demonstrates." Invidious comparison alert! But Myers seems to have not read Madame Bovary, or, at best, to have paid it the same glancing attention he pays to Freedom. For the former has more to tell us about the latter's style than about its "storytelling." Though Franzen's temperament is warmer - he doesn't aspire to Flaubert's fearsome objectivity - his technique relies to an unusual degree on the free indirect discourse Madame Bovary pioneered. Flaubert inhabits his characters, Lydia Davis tells us in the introduction to her new translation, in order to "[hold] up a miror to the middle- and lower-middle-class world of his day, with all its little habits, fashions, fads." Irony is everywhere present, especially, she writes elsewhere, "in the words and phrases in the novel to which he gives special emphasis" - that is, underlining or italics. They appear throughout the novel, starting on the first page with new boy. With this emphasis he is drawing attention to language that was commonly, and unthinkingly, used to express shared ideas that were also unquestioned. Freedom, too, aims to be contemporary - perhaps even, as Myers puts it, "strenuously" so. But the scattered instances of "juvenile" glibness and vulgarity he portrays as its mother-tongue ("the local school 'sucked'. . . Patty was 'very into' her teenage son, who, in turn was 'fucking' the girl next door") are not unexamined symptoms of "a world in which nothing can happen." Rather, like Flaubert's common, unthinking phrases, they are necessary constituents of the novel's attempt to show that world its face in the mirror. And if Franzen "hints at no frame of reference from which we are to judge his prose critically," it's only because he assumes his readers have read other novels written since 1850, and so already possess that frame themselves. Not that Myers has any apparent trouble "judging the prose"; Franzen's is "slovenly," he insists. Nor is this the only place he seeks to have it both ways. The vulgarity he imputes at first to Franzen he finally does get around to pinning on Patty...but only to demonstrate that she "is too stupid to merit reading about." Conversely, Franzen's attempts at eloquence reveal him to be one of those people "who think highly enough of their own brains" that they must "worry about being thought elitist." (Stupid people, smart people, "middlebrow" people; is there anyone who doesn't count as a "nonentity," in B.R. Myers book?) It would be a mistake, however - a Myers-ish one - to read too much into this incoherence. The simple fact is that Myers' conception of language is itself vulgar. "Prose," for him, equals syntax plus diction, and is expected to denote, rather than to evoke. He positions himself as prose's defender. But when he uses the word, or its cousin, "style," what he's really asking is for it to give way to more and faster plot. (It's a preference Flaubert would have regarded with some amusement. "'These days, what I really adore are stories that can be read all in one go,'" he has his protagonist say. "'I detest common heroes and moderate feelings.'") Myers dismisses one of Franzen's showier metaphors - "Gene...stirred the cauldrons like a Viking oarsman" - as "half-baked," with no consideration for the way it connects to the Minnesota Vikings-themed rec room of the opening pages, or the Vikings garb these Minnesotans wear, or ultimately to "the old Swedish-gened depression" Gene's son, Walter, feels "seeping up inside him . . . like a cold spring at the bottom of a warmer lake." Similarly, Myers writes off Freedom's ornithological tropes as clichés, while giving us, in his own voice, sinking hearts, pushed luck, "busy lives," "[getting] a pass," "aspects of society," "interesting individuals" - shopworn phrase following shopworn phrase "as the night the day." (This is not to mention the larger cliché of think-piece provocation - the You thought it was black, but really it's white school of journalism. It's no coincidence that "A Reader's Manifesto" appeared in a magazine that was clawing back market share with cover slugs like Is God an Accident? and Did Christianity Cause the Crash? and The End of White America? and The End of Men. The approach would be codified, with no apparent irony, in the 2008 relaunch slogan: "The Atlantic. Think. Again." But is "thinking" really le mot juste here? It's surely no commendation for a critic that we know what he's going to say about a novelist before we've read the review. Or before either of us has read the book.) Remarkably, Myers even manages to be wrong when he tries to concede something positive about Freedom. "Perhaps the only character who holds the reader's interest is Walter," he writes. But the adult Walter is by far the novel's least fully realized character. Of course, this late softening in the review is probably, like the invocation of Emma B., purely rhetorical, but I'll condescend, as a demonstration of my own fair-mindedness, to grant Myers exactly the same degree of benefit of the doubt he imagines he's extending to Franzen. He is absolutely correct that contemporary book reviewers are far too "reluctan[t] to quote from the text," but he confuses close-reading with mere assertive quotation. He consistently shows himself, here and elsewhere, to be deaf to point-of-view, tone, and implication. Indeed, he seems to revel in this deafness. (He quotes a line of capitalized dialogue - "I KNOW IT'S NEVER GOING TO HAPPEN" - and then confesses, with italics. "I have no idea what this is meant to sound like.") This is sort of like an art critic trumpeting his glaucoma. Or like a restaurant reviewer who can't stomach meat. Who's Down in Whoville? Of course, Myers' real target isn't Jonathan Franzen, or even "the modern literary bestseller," so much as it is "our age, the Age of Unseriousness." The old values - truth, civility, Seriousness - are seen to be under attack from "chat-room[s] . . . Twitter . . . The Daily Show . . . the blogosphere," and "our critical establishment." Extremism in their defense can be no vice. But, as with conservative pundits of many stripes, Myers is perfectly willing to be "truthy," uncivil, and unserious himself, when it suits his purposes. "I especially liked how the author got a pass for the first chapter," he huffs at one point, with the sarcasm of a high-school Heather. Thus does he participate in the destruction of value he claims to lament. Moreover, Myers has, symptomatically, mistaken a signifier for the thing it signifies. The underlying cause of the contemporary ills he keeps alluding to is not the coarseness of our language, but our narcissism, whose most "salient" form (as I've argued elsewhere) is a seen-it-all knowingness that inflates the observer at the expense of the thing observed. In this sense, B.R. Myers couldn't be more of-the-moment. It's no wonder he's baffled by those turns of phrase by which the novelist seeks to disappear into his characters. Finally - and most damningly - Myers has little to tell us about beauty. For Flaubert's contemporary Baudelaire, beauty was made up of an eternal, invariable element . . . and of a relative, circumstantial element, which will be. . . the age - its fashions, its morals, its emotions. Without this second element, which might be described as the amusing, enticing, appetizing icing on the divine cake, the first element would be beyond our powers of digestion. In his dyspeptic disregard for what might be amusing, enticing, or appetizing about the world we live in - his inability, that is, to read like a writer, or write like a reader - B.R. Myers has placed contemporary literature in toto beyond his limited powers. He offers us, in place of insight, only indigestion.